A study published yesterday by the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health has found that a plant-based diet significantly reduces a person’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes, especially if that diet is rich in quality plant foods such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts and legumes.

The study found that just moderate changes in a person’s diet can lead to significant reduction in risk. They found that  people who maintained a plant-based diet that was low in animal foods were 20% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes and those that consumed a healthy version of a plant-based diet were 34% less likely to develop type 2 diabetes.

This study is very important to the black community as our community is at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The Lake Foundation encourages everyone to turn towards a more plant-based die to reduce their risk of this condition.

A couple of weeks ago we listened live to Harvard Medical School’s Mini Med seminar on ageing. This was a very informative  event featuring experts in the field Amy Wagers Professor of Stem Cell Regenerative Biology; Sharon Inouye, the Director of the Hospital Elder Life Program and Professor of Medicine; and  Bruce Yanker, the Co-Director of the Paul F. Glenn Centre for the Biology of Ageing. Together they explained how the body ages and how we can keep it young and healthy.

The event started with an introduction by Amy Wagers who explained that ageing is a collection of physical and behavioural changes that take place as an individual gets older. She stated that ageing is the biggest risk factor for many diseases and the challenge that the medical field faces is how to promote healthy ageing.

When thinking about aging it was stressed that we have to think of a person’s health span as opposed to their life span. A person’s health span is the number of healthy years of life they experience and currently the general population’s life span has increased but their health span is relatively short and we need to do more research to determine how we can effectively increase a person’s health span; we don’t want people to have a long life span but have a poor quality of life because their health span is short.

Amy stated that we need to understand the cellular, biochemical and molecular basis of ageing and therefore understand how age-related diseases develop so that we can target these diseases. Amy stressed the importance of identifying predisposition to age-related diseases as there has been an explosion in these diseases over the past 15 years, mostly because we have more elderly than ever before.

Amy explained that ageing is a complex process where many biological mechanisms interact, these include loss of protein function, reduction in the communication between organs, the loss of the ability to regenerate cells after injury, metabolic dysfunction and DNA defects, just to name a few.  She said that there is hope that we can target the biological causes of ageing to prevent and reverse age-related disease.  Amy stressed that there are two very important factors in preventing age related diseases and these are: diet and exercise.

We then heard from Sharon Inouye who explored the clinical aspects of ageing. She stated that some of the main issues with ageing are: illness, disease and medications affect older adults differently; older adults are more likely to have multiple health conditions; we’re in a stressful society and stress results in a reduction in our physiological reserve so our body is less able to deal with ageing; falls are the leading cause of death in the elderly; many eldery experience a significant decline in brain function and finally we don’t have enough geriatricians to treat older people. Due to all of these issues we need to find ways to ensure that people age well. She stated that an important part of addressing these issues is ensuring that older people maintain their cognitive health by: encouraging people to be physically active (this is the most important), reducing cardiovascular risk factors, looking at medication management,  keeping the elderly socially and intellectually active and ensuring they get enough sleep.

Finally we heard from Bruce Yankers who spoke about brain function in the elderly. He wanted to answer the question: how do people who are healthy lose neurons? He stated that many older people retain memory and cognitive function but others lose this, why? He explained that biological processes in the brain decline with age and there are a number of genes involved in this process. REST is a gene regulator that appears in the ageing brain and disappears in people with Alzheimer’s Disease. REST controls many genes involved in memory. It keeps cells alive and regulates genes involved in neuron function. REST proteins are protective against Alzheimer’s Disease and thus prevent loss of neurons. He explained that some people can withstand Alzheimer’s lesions and do not go on to develop dementia, why? It seems to be REST proteins that are protective in these situations.

Finally Bruce explained that research has suggested that the strength and quality of relationships dictate how well people age. It was found that how happy people are is important in ageing healthily. Specifically how happy people are in marriage by 50 seemed to be a good indicator of how well they will age. Therefore it’s important that people control their stress levels and strive to be happy.

This was a very interesting seminar and gave us a lot to think about with regards to how to promote healthy ageing. A key theme of each talk was the power of exericse and we’ll continue to encourage the public to keep active.

We’d like to thank Harvard Medical School for organising this seminar series and making it as accessible as possible by broadcasting it live on the internet. You can find out more about this seminar series, read the lecture notes and watch

A couple of weeks ago we listened live to Harvard Medical School’s Mini Med seminar,’ Taking it all In: Environmental Toxins’. This was a really interesting event featuring experts in the field David Christiani, Professor of Medicine; Monica Colaiacovo, Professor of Genetics;  and  Maitreyi Mazumdar, Assistant Professor of Neurology. Together they discussed how environmental toxins affect our risk of cancer, women’s reproductive health and child development.

From Professor Christianai we learnt about the history of establishing the link between cancer and environmental toxins. This work started in 1775 when a link between scrotum cancer and children who worked as chimney sweeps was identified and going forward this led to links between tobacco, lifestyle and various chemicals being determined.

He explained that 6% of cancers are linked to environmental factors and  these factors include:  industrial exposures, like asbestos and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); lifestyle factors,  like tobacco and diet; naturally occurring factors such as exposure to UV light and radon and finally medical treatments like chemotherapy.

It was shocking to hear that of the 80,000 chemicals on the market only 200 have been tested to determine whether they are carcinogenic and he called for more work to be done in this area. He suggested that the contribution that the environment plays in increasing our risk of cancer has been underestimated and much more work is needed to gain clarity in this area.

Next we heard from Professor Colaiacovo who spoke about the effect of environmental toxins on reproductive health. She stated that scientists are only now starting to understand the health effects of the various chemicals in the environments. Like Professor Christianai she stated that of the 80,000 chemicals present in the environment only a small numbers have been tested on reproductive health and the work that she is doing aims to address this. Currently her team is working on understanding how BPA, a product we’re exposed to everyday, affects reproductive health. She summarised previous work in this area stating that a Japanese study has shown that BPA is associated with miscarriages. Professor Colaiacovo has been exploring the effects of BPA in worms and her research suggests that BPA has a significant effect on a meiosis which is very important biological process in reproduction. They now want to look at other chemicals such as crude oil, pesticides and phthalates. They are hoping to explore reproductive health and also trans-generational effects.

Finally we heard from Professor Mazumdar who delivered a presentation on children and environmental toxins. She started by explaining that we may not realise it but children are affected differently  when it comes to  environmental toxins because they have different and unique exposures; they are growing, they live longer so are exposed for longer and they rely on adults to protect them, they don’t make choices about what they are exposed to.

When we look at the unique and different exposures to chemicals Professor Mazumdar explained that children are exposed through the placenta; breastfeeding; because they are closer to the ground and therefore breathe slightly different air and are closer to some toxins; and have more “off-the-ground-into-the mouth” experiences. Additionally children, because of their size, breathe in more air and they tend to eat more food. Finally children’s brains are growing rapidly and this is a very complex process so there are many opportunities for things to go wrong. Due to all these reasons children are more susceptible to environmental toxins and have heightened vulnerability therefore we should be more cautious about introducing new chemicals into the environment.

This was a very informative event and we have to admit we were very surprised that there is still so much that is unknown about the effects of these chemicals on our health. The mainstream seems to be falsely reassuring us that there is clarity on these substances and to hear experts say that actually we do need to proceed with caution,  for example, when microwaving food in plastic containers really made us sit up and take notice.

The next Harvard Mini Med Lecture will be ‘The New Old Age: How the body ages and how to keep it young’ on Tuesday 19^th April from 6pm -7:30pm (US Eastern Time)